Saturday, April 27, 2024

Shisumbwa Lessons

Shisumbwa Lesson 1: Our Father

Our Father, who art in heaven
Isefwe we mw’irunde

Hallowed be thy name
Izina Lyako likuzibwe

Thy Kingdom come
Bwami bako bwize

Thy will be done
Vyona wavilagire vizumibwe

On earth as it is in heaven
Mu nsi kati mw’irunde

Give us this day our daily bread
Utuhe bwalero shilibwa shitu shye nsiku zyona

And forgive us our trespasses
Ututashizye mabi gitu

As we forgive those who trespass against us
Kati ifwe twekubatashizya abo batukenagwire

And lead us not into temptation
Utakatufira mu kugemibwa

But deliver us from evil. Amen
Nahe utushizye mu bubi. Amina

Shisumbwa Lesson 2: Hail Mary

Hail Mary, full of grace
Katule Maria, we bwokare nema,

The Lord is with thee.
Mukama ali n’obe:

Blessed are thou among women,
Uli bufuhulwe kukira bakima bona,

And blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.
Ne Yezu, mwana we mu nda yako, ali bufuhulwe.

Holy Mary, Mother of God,
Maria Mutakatifu, nina we Mungu,

Pray for us sinners,
Utusabire ifwe bakenaguzi,

now and at the hour of our death.
Otine ne mu shigingo shye kufwa kwitu

Amen
Amina

Shisumbwa Lesson 3: Apostles’ Creed - Nazumya Mungu

I believe in God, the Father Almighty,
Nazumya Mungu umwi, Baba musoboka vyona,

Creator of heaven and earth,
Ng’alagema irunde ne nsi ne vintu vyona
Evyo tukubonanga nolo tutakuvibonanga

and in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
Nazumya kandi Mukama umwi Yezu Kristu,
Mwana nakamwi we Mungu, 
Ng’alabutwa mwa Baba mbele ye nsiku zyona;
Mungu we Mungu, mwanga we mwanga, Mungu
Shyenkana we Mungu shyenkana;
Ng’alabutwa, atalagemwa, ng’ekwilinganira
Bumungu hamwine ne Baba;
Vintu vyona vilasumbwa ku awe;
Ng’alinkayo mw’irunde ng’ok’ifwene bantu,
Kutusungula; ng’alahebwa bugondo ku mulimo
Gwe Mwizo mutakatifu, ng’alabutwa ne Bikira
Maria,

He suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died and was buried;
He descended into hell;
on the third day He rose again from the dead;
He ascended into heaven,
and is seated at the right hand of God the Father Almighty;
from there He will come to judge the living and the dead.
Ng’alagemwa muntu; ng’alakomererwa ku
Musalaba ng’ok’ifwene; ng’alanegerwa ku Ponsio Pilato, kone ng’alazikwa; ng’alazyoka
Mu bafu lusiku lwe kasatu kati galandikwa;
Ng’alagegera mw’irunde, ekwikarishyayo ku
Bulyo bwe Baba, ng’alasube kwiza kulamula
Bahanga ne bafu; nahe bwami bwamwe bunantamala. 

I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the Holy Catholic Church,
the communion of Saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and life everlasting. Amen
Nazumya Mwizo mutakatifu, ne Muzyola, 
Ng’ekurwa mu Baba ne mu Mwana,
Ng’ekwisengwa, ng’ekukuzibwa hamwine ne
Baba ne Mwana, ng’alayomba ku baprofeta.
Nazumya Eklezya ng’ili yimwine ntakatifu ne
Katolika nge yavwa mu Batumwa. 
Natenga Batismu umwine mu kutashya mabi.
Nalindirira buzyoshi bwe bafu ne buhanga bwe
Nsiku zilakiza. 
Amina. 

Shisumbwa Lesson 4: Classes of Nouns

In Shisumbwa, nouns are divided into nine main classes. Certain nouns belong to one class for the singular and another for the plural; other singulars in French have a plural form.

Class: Mu – Ba
This class includes: The names of reasonable beings which begin in the singular with mu – or mw (before a vowel). Their plural is made by changing mu – or mw – to ba.

Examples:
Singular 
Muntu: a man 
Mugosha: a strong man, viril
Mukazi: a wife
Musungizi: a savior
Mutuale or Mutwale: army chief
Mukama: a master
Muhinda: a prince

Plural
Bantu: men
Bagosha: strong men, viril
Bakazi: wives
Basungizi: saviors
Batuale ou Batwale: army chiefs
Bakama: des maîtres
Bahinda: des princes

Singular
Mutumami: a worker
Muhizi: a hunter
Muhesi: a blacksmith
Mubohi: an executioner
Mubohwa: a prisoner
Mulongwa: a poisoned

Plural
Batumami: workers
Bahizi: hunters
Bahesi: blacksmiths
Babohi: executioners
Babohwa: prisoners
Balongwa: poisoned people

Singular
Mwana: a child
Mwami: a king
Mwenga: a young fiancé
Mwesi: a player
Mwoba: a coward
Mwononi: a fisherman
Mwiru: a slave
Mwihazi: an assassin
Mwanirizya: a stubborn person

Plural
Bana ou Baana: children
Bami ou Baami: kings
Benga: young fiancés
Besi ou Baesi: players
Boba ou Baoba: cowards
Bononi ou baononi: fishermen
Biru ou Bairu: slaves
Bihazi ou Baihazi: assassins
Banirizya ou Baanirizya: stubborn people

Singular
Mungu: God
Bwana: Gentleman or Sir
Guku: grandfather
Mayo: my mother
Baba: my father
Nina: his mother
Ishye: his father
Sengi: auntie
Mama: grandmother
Ninefwe: our mother
Isabo: their father
Namwambulwa: a disgraced person

Plural
Bamungu: Gods
Babwana: Gentlemen
Baguku: grandfathers
Bamayo: my mothers
Bababa: my fathers
Banina: their mothers
Bishye: their fathers
Basengi: aunties
Bamama: grandmothers
Baninefwe: our mothers
Bisabo: their fathers
Banamwambulwa: disgraced people

Shisumbwa Lesson 5: Class Mu - Mi

This class includes all nouns that begin in the singular with mu or mw – (before a vowel) and designate inanimate beings. They make their plural form mis – or my – (before a vowel).

Singular
Muti: a tree
Mutwe: a head
Muliro: a fire
Mulomo: a mouth
Muzwi: a voice
Mutemba: a pipe
Mulambo: a cadaver
mwani: green coffee
Mwambi: an arrow
Mwezi: a month
Mwenda: a fabric
Mwoto: a light
Mwizo: a spirit
Mwiga: a river
Mwinko: a spoon

Plural
Miti: trees
Mitwe: heads
Miliro: fires
Milomo: mouths
Mizwi: voices
Mitemba: pipes
Milambo: cadavers
Mvani: coffees
Nyambi: arrows
Myezi: months
Myenda: fabrics
Myoto: lights
Mizo: spirits
Miga: rivers
Minko: spoons

Names of trees:
Munyembe; Minyembe: mango tree; mango trees
Mupera; Mpera: guava tree; guava trees
Musisi; Misisi: tamarind tree; tamarind trees
Mubabayu; Mibabayu: papaya; papaya trees

Names of some animals:
Mubu; Mibu; mosquito; mosquitoes
Muntamba; Mintamba:swift; swifts
Mukongoroso; Mikongoroso: bird, birds
Mukose; Mycose: small antelope; small antelopes
Mugeye; Migeye: little wild animal; little wild animals

Shisumbwa Lesson 6: Class N

This class includes:
Nouns with a prefix n – singular and plural. Most animal names are part of it.

Examples
Ndogobe: a donkey
Nzovu: an elephant
Nkoko: a chicken
Noni: a bird
Ngwe: a leopard
Ntama: a sheep
Nsazi: a fly
Nama: meat
Ndimu: a wild animal
Nkofiro: a hat
Ngabo: a shield
Numba: a house
Ngoma: a drum

Names of foreign origin which cannot be placed in another class.

Examples
Karumbete: a trumpet
Tara: a lamp
Nema: grace
Samunduli: a music box
Sabuni: a soap
Langi: one color
Virtuti: virtue

N before b, p, v, becomes m

Examples
Mbuzi: a goat
Mbongo: a buffalo
Mbwa: a dog
Mbina: a dance
Mbolelo: fertilizer
Mbongolo: a pocket
Mbizi: leprosy
Mboni: the retina of the eye
Mvula: rain
Mpapulo: paper
Mpera: a reward

SHISUMBWA LESSON 7: CLASS SHI – VI

This class includes nouns that start with shi. The plural is formed by the change of shi to vi (Shi – Vi become shy – vy before a vowel).

Examples:
Shintu – Vintu: thing
Shivwi – Vivwi: knee 
Shitambo – Vitambo: thigh 
Shishiki – Vishiki: witness 
Shishigi – Vishigi: eyebrow 
Shitabu – Vitabu: book 
Shyelu – Vyelu: luck 
Shyeni – Vyeni: facial wrinkle
Shyoga – Vyoga: animal hoof 
Shyoma – Vyoma: iron 
Shifuba – Vifuba: chest 
Shisake – Visaka: tote
Shiseme – Viseme: utensil 
Shisumo – Visumo: bay 
Shiloti – Viloti: dream 
Shyalo – Vyalo: kingdom 
Shyanzi – Vyanzi: milk pot 
Shilibwa – Vilibwa: food

SHISUMBWA LESSON 8: CLASS I - OR LI - MA

This class includes nouns which make their plural by taking ma – before the singular. This includes all nouns whose singular prefix is i – or li -. 
Examples:
Ilibwa – Malibwa: cassava
Itabazi – Matabazi: branch
Izina – Mazina: name
Ibele: breast Mabele: woman’s milk 
Ishinde – Mashinde: clod of earth 
Inasi: a blade of grass 
Manasi: herbs 
Igi – Magi: egg
Igambo – Magambo: lyrics 
Itutu – Matutu: leaf 
Irunde: sky, heavens 
Marunde: clouds

The a in ma is contracted into long i Lino – 
Mino: tooth 
Ligwa – Migwa: thorn 
Linsozi – Minsozi: tear 
Lina – Mina: pit 
Ligi – Migi: door

Ly before the vowel a becomes ma Examples: 
Lyato – Mato: boat 
Lyande – Mande: furrow 
Lyambaliro – Mambaliro: costume 
Lyala – Mala: nail Lyale – Male: reel 

Ly – before the vowel o becomes mo
Examples: 
Lyonshi – Monshi: smoke 
Lyolo – Molo: stretched wood 
Lyola – Mola: toad
Lyoma – Moma: ravine

Some instrument names 
Examples: 
Lihyo – Mihyo: sickle 
Isekuzyo – Masekuzyo: pillon 
Ikeshyo – Makeshyo: kind of knife 
Ikoshyo – Makoshyo: chisel 

All nouns whose singular prefix is bu – . Most are action nouns, some are plural, others not. Some do not have a singular.

Examples: 
Buhumbe – Mahumbe or Mabuhumbe: imbecility 
Bushinzi – Mashinzi or Mabushinzi: insomnia 
Bukolwa – Makolwa or Mabukolwa: drunkenness 
Bulozi – Malozi or Mabulozi: witchcraft 
Bugondo – Mabugondo: body 
Bukonde – Mabukonde: sweetness 
Bwato – Mabwato: trough 
Bwenge – Mabwenge: spirit, intelligence 
Bwire – Mabwire: night 
Bwiru – Mabwiru: slavery 
Bula – Mabula: entrails 
Bugoro – Mabugoro: snuff 
Bwami – Mabwami: royalty 
Bwangu – Mabwangu: speed 
Bwira – Mabwira: mercy 
Buyanda – Mabuyanda: childhood Mate: saliva 
Minzi: water 
Magazi: blood 

All augmentative nouns 
Examples: 
Limuti – Mamiti: big tree 
Lishisaka – Mavisaka or Mashisaka: large batch 
Lilukekera – Malukekera or Mankekera: large enclosure 
Lishigulu – Mashigulu or Mavigulu: large termite mound 
Lintu – Mantu: great man 
Lishisabo – Mashisabo or Mavisabo: large calabash 
Limwembi – Mamyambi: an arrow 
Lilugembe – Malugembe or Manyembe: great razor 
Ligulu – Malugulu or Mangulu: large mountain

All names start with na – or n-. Most are animal or bird names, to indicate a large quantity. 
Examples: 
Nahungulema – Manangulema: bat 
Nole – Manole: lizard 
Ngiri – Magiri: wild boar 
Ndulu – Madulu: wild donkey 
Ntinga – Matinga: green pigeon 
Mpera – Mapera: rhinoceros 

Disease names starting with n – or ka-. 
Examples:
Ndubi – Mandubi (not Madubi): smallpox 
Nsefu – Masefu (not Mansefu): hiccups 
Nsundo – Masundo or Mansundo: wart 
Kaswende – Makaswende: syphilis 
Kasoni – Makasoni: bad side 
Kahoha – Makahoha: bronchitis 

Certain words express the action of the verb 
Examples: 
Mazyana: departure, going 
Malevuka: the return 

Nouns expressing the thing or state resulting from the action of the verb
Igambo – Magambo: word, story
Ilagiro – Malagiro: order 
Ipatano – Mapatano: contract 
Iyombo – Mayombo: dispute
Ikugono – Makugono: work

SHISUMBWA LESSON 9: CLASS LU - N-

This class includes nouns whose prefix is read- in the singular (lw – before a vowel) and n- in the plural.

Examples:
Lugendo – Ngendo: travel
Lusaku – Nsaku: beard
Lukwi – Nkwi: log
Lukololo – Nkololo: cold
Lunindo – Nnindo: ong nose
Lusiku – Nsiku: day
Lugulu – Ngulu: hill
Luvwi – Nvwi: white hair
Lwimbo – Nimbo: vocals

When after the prefix lu – there is an l – or an r, this l or this r changes to d.

Examples:
Lulimi – Ndimi: language
Lulanga – Ndanga: pole
Lulila – Ndila: umbilical cord

Exception:
Luleme – Maluleme
Lulelema – Malulelema
Lumima – Malumima
Lulumbi – Malulumbi

And in general nouns which are not susceptible to the plural of this class.

N- in the plural becomes M- before b-, p-, and h-.

Examples:
Lubavu – Mbavu: rib
Luhu – Mpu: animal skin
Lupazi – Mpazi: tick
Lubilye – Mbilye: turn of events
Lupele – Mpele: bug

Exception:
Luba (reed fence) is plural Maluba.

Certain nouns expressing a partial idea of number or quantity have their singular in read and their plural in bu.

Lusaru: a pearl; Busaru: pearls
Luzi: a piece of thread; Buzi: thread
Lwoga: a bit of hair; Bwoga: hair
Lutinga: a horsehair; Butinga: horsehair
Lunasi: a blade of grass; Bunasi: grass
Lwoba: a mushroom; Bwoba: mushrooms
Lusiga: a grain of sorghum; Busiga: sorghum
Lulandi: a scabies pustule; Bulandi: scabies

SHISUMBWA LESSON 10: CLASS KA - TU-

This class includes nouns which begin in the singular with Ka- and whose plural is formed by the change from ka- to tu-. This is the form of diminutives.

Examples:
Kakima – Tukima: little woman
Katutu – Tututu: small leaf
Kado – Tudo: a little, small
Katebe – Tutebe: small seat
Kasaku – Tusaku: little beard

Belonging to this class:

1.  Lots of disease names. 
Examples: nouns probably do not have a plural, perhaps are of the 3rd.
Kahaha – Tuhaha: bronchitis
Kasomi – Tusomi: pleurisy
Kaswende – Tuswende: syphilis

 

2.  Lots of abstract nouns expressing faults or that we have this class to make them express contempt.
Examples:
Kasamuke – Tusamuke: disputer
Kayomvi – Tuyomvi: disputant
Kapulungane – Tupulungane: quibbler
Kahumbe – Tuhumbe: fool
Kazogane – Tuzogane: laughable

3.  The numbers to which we want to express the times.
Examples:
Kamwi: once
Kabili: twice
Kasatu: three times
Kanne: four times
Katano: five times

Names expressing certain parts of the day.
Examples:
Kasase or Kamusase: rising sun 
Kagoro: evening 
Kakagorogoro: evening 
Kampindimpindi: a little before sunset 
Kabufukufuku: nightfall 
Kabwirebwire: nightfall 
Kamuntunguyuntunguyu: evening twilight 
Kamulabolabo: a little before sunrise 
Kakeshikeshi: aurora 
Kakingirimakingirima: aurora 


Nouns which do not have a singular and whose prefix is silenced, such as the word tulo (sleep), and diminutives of quantity: (liquid, food) 
Examples:
Twinzi: a little water 
Twinu: a little salt 
Tusere: a little beer 
Tufuta: a little oil 
Tusaru: a few 
Tufuma: a little flour 
Tuhalage: a few beans
Tusiga: a little sorghum 

Nouns derived from the radical which express a state or way of being. 
Examples: 
Katumiro: way of dancing 
Katumbagiro: way of walking 
Katumamiro: way of working 
Kapehero: way of smoking
 Kamwero: way of drinking
Kayombero: way of speaking
Kimbiro: way of singing 

Euphony: 
When the stem begins a, e, o, the a- of the singular prefix elides and these vowels become long – and the tu- of the plural prefix becomes tw-. 
Examples: 
Mwambi: arrow, knife; Kambi, Twambi 
Mwenda: fabric; Kenda, Twenda 
Mwana: child; Kana, Twana 
Mwenekili: teacher; Kenekili, Twenekili 
Lwaya: hair; Koya, Twoya 
Mwiru: slave; Kiru, Twiru

SHISUMBWA LESSON 11: KU-

This class includes:

1.  All infinitives taken substantively or adverbially. Ku- before a vowel becomes Kw-.
Examples:
Kufwa: death (to die)
Kushima: love (love)
Kugaya: hate (hate)
Kuzumya: faith (believe)
Kwizukira: the memory (memory)
Kutogwa: will (want)
Bantu kwingiha: numerous men
Buganga kusema: from a mild remedy to taste

2. Some singular nouns including the plural in ma- belong to the fifth class.
Examples:
Kugulu – Magulu: leg
Kukoko – Makoko: arm
Kutwi – Matwi: ear
Kwaha – Makwaha: hollow of the armpit
Kuhwani – Makunhwani: species of heron

3.  Lots of adverbs.
Examples:
Kusoga: good
Kubi: evil
Kusura: hi

4.  Some month names.
Examples:
Kwezi: month
Kuzogo: month which ends the great mazika
Kutundu: last month of the big rains
Kweru: harvest month
Kwirabuke: the one who begins the dry season

SHISUMBWA LESSON 12: MU- (or Mw-), W-, Ku-, E-, H-.

This class includes prepositions of place.

1.  Mu- which designates the very interior of a place.
Examples:
Wingire mu numba: Enter the house
Nekuzya mwi Igulwa: I’m going to Igulwa

2.  W- chez, which specifies the location without indicating the interior.
Examples:
Muzye winu: Go home
Azire wabo: He went to their house

Note: Sometimes we join w-, mu- separately or jointly mwa-.
Examples:
Azire mu wamwe: He went to his house
Azire mwambati: He went to so-and-so

 

3.  E-, towards, which designates a place with movement towards this place or in an indeterminate way.
Examples:
Uzye eyo: Go there
Wize eno: Come here

 

4.  Ku- which designates the place where we are or we do something.
Examples:
Wikarishe ku itebe: Sit on the seat
Utule shintu ku muti: Put the thing on the tree

5.  H-, designates the place in an uncircumscribed way.
Examples:
Hansi: On the ground
Ha muzigo: At the door
Aha hasoga: it’s nice here
Mu numba ne hafunde: It’s narrow in the house